Rearch on Inventory

Topic7 Inventory 1 Identify the primary authoritative guidance for the accounting for inventories. What is the predecessor literature? FASB ASC 330 Inventory provides primary authoritative guidance for the accounting for inventory. The predecessor literature about it is Accounting Research Bulletins (ARB) No. 43 Chapter 4, paragraph 4 (Issued June, 1953) and Statement of Financial Accounting Standard (FAS) NO. 151 Inventory cost- an amendment of ARB No. 43, Chapter 4 (Issued November, 2004). 2 List the three types of goods that are classified as inventory. What characteristic will automatically exclude an item from being classified as inventory? Answer: Glossary (FASB ASC 330-10-20) 10-20: Inventory The term inventory embraces goods awaiting sale (the merchandise of a trading concern and the finished goods of a manufacturer), goods in the course of production (work in process), and goods to be consumed directly or indirectly in production (raw materials and supplies). This definition of inventories excludes long-term assets subject to depreciation accounting, or goods which, when put into use, will be so classified. The fact that a depreciable asset is retired from regular use and held for sale does not indicate that the item should be classified as part of the inventory. 3 Define â€Å"market† as used in the phrase â€Å"lower-of-cost-or-market† Answer: Glossary (FASB ASC 330-10-20) 10-20 Market: As used in the phrase lower of cost or market, the term market means current replacement cost (by purchase or by reproduction, as the case may be) provided that it meets both of the following conditions a. Market shall not exceed the net realizable value b. Market shall not be less than net realizable value reduced by an allowance for an approximately normal profit margin. 4 Explain when it is acceptable to state inventory above cost and which industries allow this practice. Answer: Stating Inventories Above Cost (FASB ASC 330-35) 35-16: It is generally recognized that income accrues only at the time of sale, and that gains may not be anticipated by reflecting assets at their current sales prices. However, exceptions for reflecting assets at selling prices are permissible for both of the following: a. Inventories of gold and silver,when there is an effective government-controlled market at a fixed monetary value b. Inventories representing agricultural, mineral, and other products, with all of the following criteria: 1. Units of which are interchangeable 2. Units of which have an immediate marketability at quoted prices 3. Units for which appropriate costs may be difficult to obtain. Where such inventories are stated at sales prices, they shall be reduced by expenditures to be incurred in disposal. 35-15: Only in exceptional cases may inventories properly be stated above cost. For example, precious metals having a fixed monetary value with no substantial cost of marketing may be stated at such monetary value; any other exceptions must be justifiable by inability to determine appropriate approximate costs, immediate marketability at quoted market price, and the characteristic of unit interchangeability. A brief summary about predecessor standards ARB NO. 43 Chapter4 (issued June, 1953), is predecessor standards that corresponds to the Codification. This chapter sets forth the general principles applicable to the pricing of inventories of mercantile and manufacturing enterprises. The standard gives a major objective of accounting for inventories and the primary basis of accounting, including how to allocate variable production overheads incurred in bringing an article to its existing condition and location. Cost for inventory purposes may be determined under several assumptions as to the flow of cost factors and enterprises should select one that most clearly reflects periodic income. This chapter also presents some of the valuation and estimation concepts that companies use to develop relevant inventory information. The basis of stating inventories must be consistently applied and should be isclosed in the financial statements. Statement of Financial Accounting Standard NO. 151 Inventory Costs amends the guidance in ARB No. 43, Chapter 4, â€Å"Inventory Pricing,† in order to clarify the accounting for abnormal amounts of idle facility expense, freight, handling costs, and wasted material (spoilage). In addition, this Statement requires that allocatio n of fixed production overheads to the costs of conversion be based on the normal capacity of the production facilities. This amendment is issued in November 2004 and effective for inventory costs incurred during fiscal years beginning after June15, 2005

Pat Tillman Essay

Patrick Daniel Tillman Jr. was a recognizable professional American athlete who played football for the Arizona Cardinals. In may 2002, eight months after the devastating September 11th attacks, Tillman turned down a three-year $3.6 million contract to serve in the United States Army. While competing various tours over the years in the Middle East, Tillman was redeployed in Afghanistan. On April 22, 2004, Pat Tilman was killed in the line of duty. â€Å"Tillman died courageously while charging uphill to save his platoon from an ambush.† This report came from the pentagon, but was later revealed that the United States Army had embellished the story. The statement was fabricated to hide the truth behind his death. The real story unfolded after evidence determined that Pat Tillman was killed from friendly fire. This evidence undermined the reports surrounding Tilman’s death and questioned what really happened that day. It took the Army five weeks to release information regarding the real cause of death of Pat Tillman. When the Army released the news to the public, it shocked many including his family. However, they didn’t provide much detail to the public other than that he was killed by â€Å"friendly fire†. Afterwards, they provided his family with further evidence surrounding their son’s death. They gave his family a box of 3,000 detailed pages from the incidence, but was so confusing the family stated, â€Å"it was almost like trying to put together a crossword puzzle.† The documents specified that at the location Pat was killed there was an RPG (rocket propelled grenade) attack on their unit from an ambush of twenty Taliban fighters. However, this information was misleading to everyone because not a single Ranger besides Tillman was wounded during this attack. Further evidence provided that none of the vehicles were damaged. As more evidence emerged it was clear that what really happened was far from what was told. Before this occurrence, Tillman’s regiment was exploring the mountainous regions of Afghanistan. One of their vehicles broke down and their platoon was ordered to split up. Tilman and another army companion, Byran O’Neal, decided to stop near a local village near a narrow mountain path. They climbed up a hill in an attempt to recognize where they were. They were also accompanied with a friendly Afghan soldier to help guide them through the rugged terrain. They soon spotted one of their Humvees that appeared around the bend. Shots soon rang and eight bullet holes impacted the Afghan Solider. Pat and the O’Neal tried to hide behind a rock for cover. With a 50-caliber gun shooting in their direction Tillman was waving his arms shouting, â€Å"Cease fire, friendlies, I am Fucking Tillman, Damn it!† It was to late, his own team killed Pat in gunfire. The latest documents given to family members depict a different account from a chaplain who debriefed the entire unit days after Tilman was killed. First the government claimed the Taliban killed him. Then they claimed he was killed as a result of â€Å"friendly fire†. With this in mind we need to ask what the real cause of his death was. Evidence from the autopsy suggested that something other than friendly fire was the cause of his death. The medical evidence did not match up with the scenario as described. It was investigated that the bullet holes were so close together that it appeared that the Army Ranger was cut down by an M-16 fired from no more than ten yards away. These three bullet holes were shot in his forehead. This disturbing evidence shows that someone came up to him after he yelled out his name while still being wounded and shot him in the head to ensure he’d die. This verification leads to an important question, was Pat Tillman’s death a murder? After the tragedy, Army investigators talked with soldiers and commanders. They wanted see whether Tillman was disliked or if anyone was jealous of his celebrity, or even if he was considered arrogant. They responded with â€Å"Tillman was respected, admired, and well-liked.† If this information is believed to be correct, then personal grievances couldn’t have been the motive. One particular motive that seems to stand out is through political motives. Pat Tillman was a very outspoken about his views. He challenged President Bush and his administration about the invasion of Iraq. He recommended to others that they should vote for Kerry in 2004, and even interviewed with Noam Chomsky, a noted critic of the military and the Bush administration. He even had a notable diary that he had on him in which he might have written personal criticisms on the government and the military. To this day, that diary has never been returned to his family and is missing. Pat was a not only a famous soldier, but was a recruitment-poster prospect. The fact that he could go public against the war and the administration couldn’t have been a pleasant thought for those who were aware of what was going on. President Bush at the time went so far to claim â€Å"executive privilege† in order to keep hidden further documents about Pat Tillman’s death. A tight grouping of three bullet holes makes friendly fire an impossible explanation for his death. This is why there is inconclusive evidence on how Pat Tillman really died. Was it a degree of politics that played a role in his murder and what information does that administration still have that they are covering up are still unknown to this day. From the information I gathered I believe that Pat Tillman’s death was a murder. Whoever killed him had intentions on doing so, and in front of their own unit. I feel that the Army was well aware that he was a threat to their operations in the Middle East. They had two options, kill Pat Tillman, or face criticism that would tarnish the Army’s reputation when he came back home. Some soldiers share the same views as Pat, but what separates Pat from everyone else is his high-profile image. If Pat decided to address his opinions about the war when he came back it could have had a negative impact on the public’s perception of the war. There is too much evidence that proves that this case was premeditated. The autopsy, political motives, and government cover up’s show that this was more than just a â€Å"friendly fire.†

Business Strategies And Analysis Of Starbucks Marketing Essay

Business Strategies And Analysis Of Starbucks Marketing Essay In this following report provides analysis of company mission, business strategy with Porter’s Generic Strategies (Michael, 1980), using Michael Porter’s five forces (Michael, 1979) to analyze specialty coffee industry, situation analysis with SWOT, Starbucks core competencies (C.K. customers whom share the same valued, required premium-level coffee, have spending ability; young urban professionals, teenage and trendy (Wikinvest, 2010) but not the pricing competition. Source: Generic Strategies – Michael Porter (1980), http://www.marketingteacher.com Starbucks’ business strategy (differentiation focus) has been used in all processes and all stakeholders; starting from suppliers and farmers that Starbucks made the different in the way of finding the source of materials (e.g. coffee bean) at the origin places not from the secondary sources and the most significant is tried to improve farmers’ quality of life in the same time also got the good qualit y of coffee beans. Secondly, they treat the employees differently from the others whom they called partners that hope to make the different in the way of service-minded and relations. Another most important and differentiate point is the global/environment/community responsibilities as their shared value as mention by Howard Schultz, Starbucks’ CEO, said â€Å"You don’t do these things for recognition, you do these things because they are the right thing to do† (Nancy, Marya, Katherine, 2008). Industry Structure As a different industry has different nature of business, competition or level of profitability (productivity and efficiency). So for better understanding in this coffee specialty industry, it could use a framework of Michael Porter, which influenced by the five forces (Michael, 1979).

Composite Cycle Frame Manufacturing Methods Project Assignment

Composite Cycle Frame Manufacturing Methods Project - Assignment Example The second method is the closed mould which uses a bag and foam core. This method is commonly used to manufacture frames and monocoque frames. This paper analyses the process of manufacturing bicycles using the carbon fibre in two parts. This includes the time that carbon fibre takes to corrode during the process. This part looks at the process of manufacturing a bicycle using the methods available under the use of composite. The second part is the options available for corrosion resistance for the components used in the method. It is important to protect frames of these bicycles against corrosion which constitutes much of damages caused con them. Carbon fiber, which is also known as graphite fiber or even carbon graphite, is a material that is composed of fibers nearly a diameter of 5–10Â  ÃŽ ¼m and mainly consists of carbon atoms. They are joined in crystals that align themselves parallel to the fiber’s long axis. The alignment of the crystals provides the fiber with high strength to volume ratio, this renders it strong for its size. Many carbon fibers are brought together or joined to make a tow; this can be used by itself or even make a fabric (Campbell, 2003, p.36). The carbon fibers’ characteristics, like high solidity, low density, high tensile strength, high tolerance to temperature, high chemical opposition, and low thermal expansion greatly makes them to be largely used in military, aerospace, motorsports as well as civil engineering, also in some other competition sports. The carbon fibers are slightly expensive in comparison with some other fibers like plastic fibers and glass fibers. They are normally mixed with some other materials to come up with a composite. When they are mixed with a plastic resin and then molded, we find that the result is carbon fiber reinforced plastic; this is commonly known as carbon fiber and has a strength-to-weight ratio that is very high, which is very rigid even though

Tim's Coffee Shoppe Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Tim's Coffee Shoppe - Essay Example The product, price, placement, and promotion marketing criterion (Pride & Ferrell, 2012) informs the implementation of Tim’s consideration. The breakfast quiches will complement the need for a side product to the coffee offered by Tim’s Coffee Shoppe. Price adjustments would have to be undertaken in a manner that meets customer expectations. Moreover, the placement of the new products fits into the already existing market, and promotions could be employed in marketing the new line of products at the Coffee Shoppe. The menu board at Tim’s Coffee Shoppe is commendable, but essentially in need of some improvements. Given the diversity and dynamism exhibited in the hot and cold beverage markets, Tim’s Coffee Shoppe should work on offering more and diversified coffee products. Also, customers should not be targeted as a general unit. Instead, Tim’s Coffee Shoppe should identify its customer segments and seek to meet the needs, tastes, and preferences of each identified segment. Finally, complementary products that Tim’s Coffee Shoppe intends to offer should be in a position to maintain the uniqueness of the business in the

Delegation of Tasks Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Delegation of Tasks - Essay Example This will not only decrease the workload on a particular individual, but also help develop decision-making abilities and a more responsible outlook, amongst one's team of subordinates. Delegating workloads is a prime authority that comes with position. When one delegates a particular task, one needs to keep in mind, the capacity of your subordinate who would be delegating the task assigned by you. Analysing whether or not he is capable of doing justice to the piece of work, will help avoid workload mismanagement. In addition to this, a clear line of communication must prevail, since your subordinates need to comprehend what exactly you expect out of them and how the particular task needs to be handled. A combination of capability and communication transforms delegation of work into an easy task. Here is an analysis on what could be the varied criteria, requisites and guidelines one has to keep in mind, before delegating tasks: It is but obvious that one needs to share control over the tasks delegated, with the subordinate assigned to perform the tasks. One may feel insecure about one's authority getting diluted or worried if the task delegated will be completed as perfectly as one would deal with it. In such cases, one needs to ensure that one spells out each and every step one would adopt, in completing the task, to one's subordinate. This way, they would utilise the same knowledge in future tasks. You can still retain your hold by supervising their work processes at regular stages. Catering Information: Delegation translates into meaning that one trusts one's subordinate to make effective usage of his decision-making abilities. It signifies that their decision- making abilities must be of a superior quality and therefore, access to information is the key here. Only factual, error-free and clear information can aid rightful decision-making. This information can be in the form of interpersonal exchanges, company information or even information obtained from the computer and the web. This way, communication is not hurdled and tasks are carried out with equal managerial expertise. Pragmatic Approach: As an employee occupying an authoritative position, one needs to realise that not all employees at varied levels have the same level of knowledge or for that matter, the technical know-how. You need to explain how exactly a particular procedure needs to be followed, along with the detailed explanation of the steps. This way, there will be no miscommunication or miscomprehension. Therefore, making allowance for those with lack of knowledge about your own specialisations or work processes is integral to raise the confidence levels of those involved with carrying out your delegations. Involvement: As the delegating authority, one tends to get too involved with the project you delegate and thus, appear readily

The Price Wristle-Blowers Pay for Secrets Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

The Price Wristle-Blowers Pay for Secrets - Essay Example For example, according to the article â€Å"Whistle-Blower Awarded $104 Million by I.R.S†, written by David Kocieniewski, Bradley C. Birkenfeld, who used to be a banker at UBS, was caught helping a rich Californian developer to avoid paying income taxes in the US. After being arrested, he informed that he would disclose important information about the Swiss banking system which would help the US government retrieve lost taxes that amounted to billions of dollars. Many wealthy Americans had used their Swiss banks to avoid paying income tax in their country. Now the valuable information provided by the banker allowed the US government to get back a large sum of unpaid taxes from the Swiss banks. In return for this, the banker was given an award of $104 million, the highest amount ever paid to a whistle-blower. This whole idea of a person benefiting from a crime he committed is pretty ironical. A person involved in activities such as tax fraud is arrested, and when he complies with the authorities’ demands and reveals some vital information, he is rewarded. This means that, in effect, the person is actually being paid for the crime he has committed. The irony of the situation seems amusing. If a person accused of committing several crimes asks for freedom and some monetary reward in exchange for valuable information, he or she will get it. This will allow him or her to return to his previous life and no lesson will be learnt. Moreover, it has become a norm in the society that people demand some kind of reward before they can do something helpful. Many people realize that giving out valuable information is a great and easy way to make money, so they demand a reward before revealing any secrets even if the secrets can actually benefit their own country. The fact that many people want to be paid before doing the right thing is alarming, as it shows that the society is well down the downward path. In today’s

The art of the impressionists Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

The art of the impressionists - Essay Example The light and color effects can also be noticed in Camille Pissarro's works wherein the lights and colors vary depending on the specific time of the day. In "The Stage Coach at Louveciennes," the artist painted the scene in dark lighting conditions possessing complementary colors of reds and greens generously used by the artist while in "Le verger (The Orchard)," the noticeable brightness of the day light and the complementing colors of violet with shades of yellow and the blue sky in contrast to the hint of orange shade of the soil. In the "Village Path," the red lighting of the painting can be clearly seen which in turn complements the dominantly green color of the scenery. In addition to the attribute of light and color effects of the impressionist style, impressionistic paintings are also characterized by concentration on the general impression produced by a scene or object and the use of unmixed primary colors, as explained with the examples previously mentioned, and small strokes to simulate actual reflected light (Pioch).

Land Law UK Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Land Law UK - Assignment Example This will ensure that there will be no party in the agreement that goes to a loss. Under the law, the bank as the mortgagee would exercise the following remedies against the borrowers here referred to as the mortgager. The mortgager while going through with their repayments for the property owns title over the property, but: the mortgagee is entitled to the following rights relating to the title of the mortgager. One of such is the right to make perfect the title where in case the mortgagee is the second mortgagee after the first one, he buys the first mortgagee and hence becomes the first. Secondly, the mortgager has the right to improve the property as a representation for the security for the loan but such expenditure are required to be reasonable compared with the amount borrowed so that repayment is not hampered (Stroud, 2013). In addition, it is normally the order of the day that the mortgager receives back the substance of the mortgage upon redemption of the mortgage. Therefore, if the mortgagee makes more expenditure than is reasonable then the mortgagee is not entitle to claim reimbursements for the money spent. This is as in the case of South well v Roberts (1940) 63 CLR 581. In the event that the mortgager does not meet the obligation to repay as in our case; then the bank has two major remedies. First, this is the right of the bank to exercise the power of sale as stipulated in the mortgage document as well as the statutes. Secondly, the mortgagee has the remedy of foreclosure as stated in section 100 of the Conveyancing Act. Under the old system, foreclosure can only be effected by court order while foreclosure under the Torrens system, it is required that an application is made to the registrar general to make an order of foreclosure under section 61 of the law. In the event of mortgage defaulting all mortgages, have the power

Police problem solving techniques in Chicago Research Paper

Police problem solving techniques in Chicago - Research Paper Example So a given technique may apply to one section of the community and not the other. This paper will look at the problem of graffiti in Chicago and how the police have tried to combat it. It will describe the problem, provide statistical evidence, the situation on the ground and how it is being dealt with and what can be done to prevent the problem from occurring. â€Å"A group of related incidents or an ongoing situation that concerns a significant portion of those who live or work in a particular area. A problem is a persistent and more than likely will not be solved without some type of intervention, particularly between law enforcement and the community. Not all problems are serious criminal matters, but the police should respond to community concerns† (p. 126). Therefore community problems are many and do not necessarily need to be matters criminal in nature. Community problems are not only matters of concern to the law enforcers but also to the community and they should be differentiated from incidents. A problem can be identified by the characteristic of the victim, the location of occurrence, the behavior of the offender, the condition of the victim or the time of the day/week or month in relation to a special event. The problem of graffiti in Chicago has been persistent for quite a long period of time. Graffiti cannot be singled out as a crime as such but is a society menace. It is defined as a variety of markings, etchings and drawing which in their nature spoil public or private property (Battle, 2006). Graffiti is a form of communication used by gangs; it is used to mark territory, and often will list the names and nicknames of the gang members, project gangster attitudes and talk of current events in a given society. Scholars in the area of crime prevention have identified a number of categories in which to classify various kinds of paintings and

Physics of racing cars Essay Example for Free

Physics of racing cars Essay Racing cars are high performance cars. In order for them to be fast the cars body (and interior must be very light). By re-arranging Newton’s 2nd it can be seen that the larger the mass of the car the smaller the acceleration the car will have. For the car to accelerate (or decelerate) there must be some friction in between the cars tyres and the road surface. This traction helps the car to move at a very high speed and if the traction isn’t there the car won’t move even though the tires are rotating. This can be seen when the road surface is icy and the cars loose grip, the wheels are rotating but the car doesn’t move very fast. The force required to slide a tyre is called the adhesive limit of the tyre, or sometimes the stiction. image00.png The formula F  µN shows the relationship between the frictional force and the surface the tyre is moving on. F is the frictional force, N is the normal reaction between on the tyre and  µ is the coefficient of the friction, the more the  µ value the rougher the surface is. The maximum frictional force provided by the tyre is given by  µN, beyond this value slipping starts to occur. This equation implies that the frictional force made by the tyres is independent of the width of the tyre. A car fitted with a wider tyre is creates the same friction as a thinner tyre because the thinner tyre creates more pressure point hence created more contact between the tyre and road surface whereas, the wider tyre covers more surface area therefore creates the same grip between the tyre and surface. Newton’s second law (F=ma), shows that when the traction force is generated the car accelerates forward. Newton’s third law, every action has an opposite and equal reaction shows that when the car does accelerate the driver experiences a force opposite and is pushed backwards into the seat. When the steering wheel is turned the driver tries to get the front tyres to push a little sideways on the ground, and by Newton’s third law the ground pushes back, which causes little sideways acceleration. This changes the sideway velocity. The acceleration is relative to the sideways force and inversely relative to the mass of the car. The sideways acceleration causes the car to go sideways which the driver requires when turning the wheel. When the car decelerates the resistive braking force acts in the opposite direction to the moving car and the driver is pushed forward. The car experiences torque when traction and braking forces are generated. This transfers the weight forward when accelerating sharply and backward when braking sharply. Weight transfer can be controlled by using throttle, brakes and steering. The equation shows that if the speed of the car doubles, the centripetal force must quadruple for the car to go around the same bend, the centrifugal force must also quadruple if this happens. Therefore, racing cars are subject to forward and backward forces due to linear acceleration and deceleration and also large side forces during cornering bends at high speeds, which are called G forces. The equation also shows that if the bend is doubled the centripetal halves. It’s useful for the driver to go around bends at high speeds as the fastest route given by tracing out a curve with the largest radius possible. Air resistance can be modelled by the equation C-Coefficient of drag (0.25-0.45 for cars) p-Density of air A-Reference area (area of car perpendicular to the direction of motion) Ï…-Speed/velocity of car If the speed of the vehicle doubles the drag force quadruples. The drag force can be minimised by decreasing the reference area. This is achieved by making the car flatter so that it cuts through the wind easily giving it a stream lined shape. The shape is also usually like the wings of an aeroplane upside down. In aeroplane the wings will give it a lift whereas the upside down shape on the car will give it a downwards force which helps it prevent from lifting up at high speeds. According to Newton’s first law of motion a car in a straight line motion at a constant speed will keep such motion until it’s acted upon with an external force. The reason why the car does not perform such a motion forever is because of air resistance and friction. Reference: http://www.dur.ac.uk/r.g.bower/PoM/pom/node16.html#eqweight, Richard Bower, 8 16:09:30 BST 1998

A Look at Iraqi Women Essay Example for Free

A Look at Iraqi Women Essay The country of Iraq has been the venue of much turmoil and unrest. A war that began in 1980 between Iran and Iraq, which was supposed to be quick and speedy, lasted longer than expected and as a result, more males were needed for the army. More draftees meant higher mortality rates, greater costs for the military arm of the government, higher need for recruits. (Efrati, 28) All the same, the prolonged duration of the war brought about a crisis in Iraq’s economy. Factories and various companies found themselves suddenly lacking in workers as the majority of Iraq’s men were drafted to fight in the army. Women, however, being left in the country, were many and were a clear source for human resources. This led to the encouragement, by the government, of having women in Iraq take on new roles and parts to play both economically and politically. (Efrati, 28) The government came up with numerous ways to include Iraqi women in the production process of society. Economy, which was once a man’s field in Iraq, broadened to include the now strong force of women all over the country. However, this was a period of stress and turmoil. War was raging and everywhere individuals were taking on roles they never used to have. Would this change remain upon the conclusion of the war? What would these newly inducted Iraqi women have to look forward to when war between Iraq and Iran would finally come to an end? In truth, in post-war situations, women are often at the receiving end of a social backlash. When the troops come back home, roles are reestablished. The women, who were taken out of their well-carved places in society to replace the men during the war, are made to go back to the traditional gender roles they once had prior to the war. It is almost as if war has ended for the country, between Iraq and Iran, but not for its citizens as the men and women struggle to reestablish former roles. (Al-ali, 742) In present day Iraq, there is evidence of the violence and anarchy that occurs during post-war situations. Women are at the receiving end of a constant chain of abuse and aggression to a degree that is greater than even that which existed during the period of war or during the period of intervention by the military. The women are subjected to lawlessness, lack of security, abductions, sexual abuse and harassment, chaos, and even the extreme events of rape. (Al-ali, 742; Ziad, 16) These occurences may be due to the fact that the males of the society, who were once an integral part of the household of these women, are intimidated by the fact that their roles were so easily replaced and taken over. The intimidation felt by the males may have led to a lashing out at the females who, in fact, did nothing more than that which was needed and asked of them by the country during the time of war. Also, the violence and physical nature of the work they conducted for the military has carried over to bring violence even into their own homes after the war. (Al-ali, 742) This paper tries to understand and enumerate the different roles that Iraqi women play both during and after a period of war. These will be categorized into three types of roles: social, economic and political. The political role will involve any roles they have had in relation to the government and its dealings. The economic role will involve any roles Iraqi women have had to play in relation to business and finance. And the social roles will involve all other uncovered role that these women have had to play in a society that has been predominantly ruled through male hegemony. Political Role of Iraqi Women Before the rule of the infamous Saddam Hussein in Iraq, Iraqi women were known to have participated politically and some were even noted to have been activists. However, autonomous political participation of these women was cut short at the onset of the 1970s. At this time, they were encouraged to join the Baath party and to try to earn positions in the government by running for the rubber-stamp parliament. The results of these elections showed how greatly marginalized women were in the Iraqi society. In the first Baathist parliamentary elections held in 1980, only 16 women won a seat in a 250-seat Council. The results of the 1985 Baathist parliamentary elections were not all that different when 33 women candidates won seats in the Council. (Al-ali, 754) In 2003, only a scrawny 8% of the parliamentary Council were females, showing the continued decline of women participation in the political arena of Iraq. This was despite the fact that an organization called the General Federation of Iraqi Women served as the political vehicle of women in Iraq. Over 1 million Iraqi women were members of this federation and yet the political representation of women in the government of Iraq remains negligible and even questionable. (Al-ali, 754) However, Iraqi Kurdistan which gained semi-autonomy was able to become a venue wherein Iraqi women could establish civil society organizations and associations. These women soon became steeped in party politics. Although of the 20 ministers of the Kurdistan Regional government, only two were female ministers, females in Kurdistan began to be able to avail of employment in the civil service. Although political activity of women in Iraqi Kurdistan was growing and they were gaining important political roles as members of the government, their political pariticaption was often opposed and blocked off by the other male politicians. Harassment of female activists denouncing killings were often reported. Also, projects of certain women-led organizations aiming to foster a more positive social situation, especially for the female citizens, were most often met by opposition from male politicians and in most cases were shut down and discontinued due to the strength of the opposition. (Al-ali, 754) Although females were beginning to voice out and claim new positions as active movers in the political arena, their actions were unappreciated and even reviled by their male counterparts. The political roles that females played were roles that they had to fight for. These were not freely given by the society they lived in. Although during the war women were held in high esteem for the important contributions they could make to the war-torn Iraq, their roles were once again brought down to those they traditionally had once war was concluded. (Al-ali, 756-757) After the war, women were seen to be pushed further back into the background of Iraqi society. Their political roles were greater and more influential prior to the war and continued to decrease significantly as war ravaged the country and even after the war was finished. Iraqi women, although aspiring and fighting for equal political representation, are greatly marginalized in the society they so bitterly fought hard to keep alive during the period of war. (Al-ali, 756) Political research has shown, however, that greater progress can be achieved by the war-torn Iraq if women are allowed to take a more active political role. Studies of post-war countries such as Northern Ireland, Bosniz Herzegovina, Cyprus and Israel have shown that including female perspective will hasten the reconstruction progress. Women are an essential aspect of the political arena of a country and the Iraqi government has to realize this if they wish to speed up the rebuilding of their society after the war. (Al-ali, 756-757) Economic Role of Iraqi Women The onset of the Iran-Iraq war proved to be damaging to the economy of both countries. As the male citizens of both countries continued to be drafted for the drawn out war, females were the main source of labor and skill for the ongoing economic processes. During the war, females were taken out of their traditional role of reproduction to more challenging economic roles of production.

Key Personality Attributes Of An Entrepreneur Business Essay

Key Personality Attributes Of An Entrepreneur Business Essay According to Carland et al. (1984:356), an entrepreneur is defined as an individual that establishes and manages a business for the principal purpose of profit and growth. Characterisation of the entrepreneur is by innovative behaviour and strategic management practices will be used in the business (Carland et al., 1984:356). Entrepreneurs have several personal characteristics that enhance their ability and enable them to be successful in whatever venture they decide to focus on. In this essay, entrepreneurship theory such as Mclelland, internal locus of control and Schumpeter will be used to form an analytical framework in order to critically analyse and evaluate the key personality attributes that prompted Victoria Tomlinsons entrepreneurial pursuits. Analytical framework: DREAM WILL TO ESTABLISH A PRIVATE KINGDOM INTERNAL LOCUS OF CONTROL NON-CONFORMIST NEED FOR ACHIEVEMENT PERSONALITY ATTRIBUTES = ENTREPRENEUR The analytical framework above reveals the personality attributes that make an individual become an entrepreneur and the attributes are illustrated from conception to the end process. It is made up of a combination of entrepreneurial theories that allude to the psychological traits of an individual. A variety of entrepreneurial theories will be used to explain the framework. Conception of the personality attribute of an entrepreneur is the will to establish a kingdom, followed by the need for achievement, then internal locus of control closely followed by non-conformist and finally the culmination of all the personality attributes lead to an entrepreneur. According to Goss (2005), Joseph Schumpeter suggested that one of the psychological traits of an entrepreneur is the will to establish a private kingdom. This is not only a personality attribute but it is a form of entrepreneurial motivation that can be found in entrepreneurs and individuals who might become entrepreneurs. In the framework above, it is highlighted as the first stage of one of many personality traits attributed to entrepreneurs. Goss (2005) argued that Schumpeters entrepreneurial motivation with regards to the will to establish a private kingdom is focused on an individual gaining and losing social status i.e. the motive is one gains power which protects one from the feelings of shame. Goss (2005) views Schumpeters three entrepreneurial motives from a sociological prism and not a psychological one. After much examination of Schumpeters writings, Goss (2005) arrived at the conclusion that social interaction and emotions are key variables in entrepreneurial actions. Also, Barnes (2000) views the motives from a sociological prism and argues otherwise that the drive to establish a private kingdom is based on an individuals independent ability to pursue a course of action. What remains to be seen is if this course of action is related to entrepreneurial actions. Need for Achievement was identified by David Mclelland (Kalantaridis, 2011). According to McClelland (1990), entrepreneurs have a high need for achievement and this was confirmed by Hansemark (1998) who carried out a research and found high levels of need for achievement in entrepreneurs. Hansemark (1998) argued that the need for achievement for an entrepreneur is based on an achievement motive to perform better than their previous performance or a need to be better than other that were before them. This motive can be learnt and it can be seen as an expectation. McClelland revealed one of the characteristics common in achievement motivated people are the desire for job relevant feedback i.e. how well one is doing? This is exhibited in Victoria who as the boss of her firm encouraged feedback from her employees on her performance in order to improve the person and set her sights on high but obtainable goals and vice versa for her employees. Rotter came up with Internal Locus of Control whereby individuals believe whatever happens to them is dependent on their actions (Kalantaridis, 2011). A high internal locus of control is found in entrepreneurs. This is a social learning theory of personality. Hanesmark (1998) suggests that locus of control is focused on the expectation of either success or failure in a judgement task. Hanesmark (1998) identified several authors that have found new entrepreneurs and existing entrepreneurs to have a high locus of control. Zhang and Bruning (2011) argued that individuals with a high level of internal locus control believe they can make things happen for their business and take responsibility for their successes and failures knowing the outcome is based on their actions. Kets De Vries (1977) argues that the entrepreneur is anxious, non-conformist and has a self destructive behaviour. The non-conformist according to Kets De Vries (1977) is seen as a way of exercising power and control in a vicinity recognised as dangerous and uncontrollable. One of the key personalities attributes that make up the analytical framework is need for achievement developed by McClelland. McClelland argued that entrepreneurs possess and exhibit a high need for achievement. The achievement motive deals with the psychology of entrepreneurship. Victoria has invested the time and effort in her skills, abilities and personal attributes in order to set up her Public Relations (PR) business. This was done by her being in charge and delivering a PR campaign for the National Association for Colitis and Crohns Disease (NACC). Need for achievement is satisfied by an intrinsic sense of success rather than an extrinsic one. Sagie and Elizur (1999) suggests that in entrepreneurs, the need for achievement is manifested in behaviours such as carrying out different tasks the outcome of which is uncertain, the entrepreneurs willingness to take responsibility for the consequences of their action and inconsistent behaviour is highly unlikely to be exhibited by entrepreneurs. According to Sagie and Elzur (1999), the need for achievement and entrepreneurial orientation revealed entrepreneurs were prompt in their ability to find solutions to problems, undertake personal responsibility for the outcome of their work rather than a shared responsibility. This was the initial case with Victoria, in that she chose to take responsibility for all tasks yet as time went by, she has increasingly delegated and responsibility is shared. Also, Victoria noted her love of problem solving and this characteristic has been on display in her business with regards to providing solutions for clients and meeting their needs. The need for achievement is a personality characteristic yet Zhang and Bruning (2011) suggest it can be obtained through education in the case of an MBA programme. Johnson (1990) reveals that a positive relationship between the need for achievement and entrepreneurship. The entrepreneurs firm will be both proactive and competitive in nature, therefore entrepreneurs need for achievement will affect firms strategy directly and the firms performance indirectly. Victoria exhibited an intense need for achievement due to the people in her family. Both parents are highly successful in their chosen career fields and her younger brother is equally successful and smart. Yet there was a yearning in her to match her familys success. The longing for individual success is translated into a high need for achievement in her academic studies while she was at school, in the corporate world working for top firms and now in her business as an entrepreneur. Zhang and Bruning (2011) suggests that personal characteristics of an entrepreneur like need for achievement and internal locus of control influence the organisation owned and controlled by the entrepreneur in a positive manner. Yet Zhang and Bruning (2011) argue that when entrepreneurs have a high need for achievement, they tend to focus more on meeting the needs of their customers through creativity and innovation. Entrepreneurs with a high internal locus of control believe they can make things happen in their firm and success is dependent on their actions. Zhang and Bruning (2011) argue that firms have a market-oriented organisational culture whose entrepreneur has a high internal locus of control, will be more in tuned with their own innovation and creative ideas, more internally driven and less willing to seek directions for the firm with regards to the future from customers, competitors or other entities. Zhang and Bruning (2011) suggest that there is a positive correlation between internal locus of control and entrepreneurship behaviour. Using the entrepreneurship theory of Internal Locus of control, Victoria believes that whatever happens to her in life is dependent on her behaviour and controllable by her actions. She believes she is in charge of her destiny. She commented that if you are good and honest with your clients, then good business will follow. Korunka et al. (2003) argument is personality characteristics seen in entrepreneurs are high need for achievement, a high internal locus of control and a medium propensity for risk due to increased security motive and favourable personal resources. Kets De Vries (1977) argues that entrepreneurs are anxious individuals, who are non-conformist, poorly organised and not a stranger to self-destructive behaviour. The attribute of non-conformist can be applied to Victoria yet the characteristics of poor organisation or self-destructive behaviour cannot be applied to Victoria as she does not portray these personalities. Although Victoria reveals she has an inner direction with self-reliance, she does not neglect interpersonal relations with her family, work colleagues and clients. Overall, the dream to establish a private kingdom, a high need for achievement, internal locus of control and non-conformist behaviour all contribute towards the personality attributes of an entrepreneur. In conclusion, entrepreneurs need to possess a high need for achievement and a high internal locus of control.

To Kill A Mockingbird - Moral :: Kill Mockingbird essays

To Kill A Mockingbird - Moral In the novel To Kill A Mockingbird by Harper Lee, the author intends the reader to learn that you shouldn't judge people by there race. Later on I will be telling you about a life as the Cunningham's, Bob Ewell, and Atticus. So if you listen up and pay attention you will almost be as smart as me. The Cunninghams were the poor family they were so poor they couldn't afford shoes for the family and they also never had any food. "Walter Cunningham's face told everybody in the first grade he had hookworms. His absence of shoes told us how he got them." Page 19. This quote shows that the Cunningham's don't have a lot of money at all. This quote also shows that the Cunningham's are so poor they cant even afford a pair of shoes. "Walter Cunningham was sitting there lying his head off. He didn't forget his lunch, he didn't have any. He had none today nor would he have any tomorrow or the next day. He had probably never seen three quarters together at the same time in his life." Page 20. This quote shows that the Cunningham's are so poor they can't even take care of there own child. This quote also shows that the Cunningham's never have any money and they cant afford food. The Cunningham's would be a very hard family to be, because you would have nothing you own right now, you would be flat broke. Mr. Bob Ewell was a lazy man, and not very many people like him. "The first thing was that Mr. Bob Ewell acquired and lost a job in a matter of days and probably made himself unique in the annals of the nineteen-thirties: he was the only man I ever herd of who was fired from the WPA for laziness." Page 248. This quote shows that Bob Ewell is a really lazy man. This quote also shows that Bob Ewell doesn't try anything hard, not even for money. "First thing you can do, Ewell, is get your stinkin' carcass off my property. You're leanin' on it an' I cant afford fresh paint for it, second thing you can do is stay away from my cook or I'll have you up for assault-" Page 249.

Graduation Speech: Importance of Change :: Graduation Speech, Commencement Address

Change is a word that I have constantly heard throughout my high school years. It is a transformation through which everyone goes whether it's for the better or for the worse. For me the meaning and value of change has helped me to focus on the goals I have to accomplish. For others, it is simply just a phase we go through. All of us here have been able to learn and develop from our changes to be come a better and successful person. Motivation is an important source of help towards succeeding. We can receive it from our family, friends, and our teachers. The one thing that I have realized about the alternative school is that the teachers and staff will never give up on you. In most public schools the teachers tend to give up easily on a failing student because they don't have the time and opportunity to get to know you and work with you. It is different here at Rose Alternative High School. The teachers continue to push you to work harder, to never give up. Friends have the biggest impact and influence in our lives. They can lead us to the path of success or path of failure. So everything that our parents have told us about choosing the right friends is absolutely true. As you get older, you realize that everything your parents have said or have taught you starts to make sense. You are more aware about situations and are a lot more careful so that you don't make mistakes like we often did when we were younger. Age is not a factor when it comes to completion. As you can see, many of us are a lot older than others. Most of us took different steps in achieving this goal. Some took a few months while others took a few years. But even though we arrived here with different routes, we will all receive the same prize for finishing, which is a high school diploma. This quote from William Arthur Ward reflects upon me and maybe even others here: "If you can imagine it, you can create it.

The Role of Greed in a Capitalist Society :: Economy Economic Essays

The Role of Greed in a Capitalist Society Introduction Much has been said about the role of greed in a capitalist, free market economy. Some believe that greed fuels the economy. Others say that it undermines the value system that drives the economy. Adam Smith said that, "It is not from the benevolence of the butcher, the brewer, or the baker, that we expect our dinner, but from their regard to their own interest" (Smith, 1776: 26-27). This statement explains that it is the self-interest of individuals that causes people to trade. This trade pushes an economy in a forward progression, which creates a more profitable living situation for the individuals in the economy. Yet Smith also stated that an individual could either pursue the study of wisdom and virtue or the acquisition of wealth and greatness. In this context, one individual may choose to follow riches, which would in turn create a confidence in trade and the economy. The confidence of this person would strengthen the economy of that country. The other person may choose to attain wisdom and virtues. This person is notably less concerned with securing financial wealth (Smith, 1759: 62). Does this then mean that their lack of concern with material gain will work against the economy? It is my thesis that greed does not fuel the economy, but undermines the value system on which capitalism (according to Adam Smith) was built, and a good example of this today is child labor. I plan to argue that Smith’s case for pursuing self-interest only works in the context of a wealthy society. He understood that there was more to life than amassing wealth, but he did not consider the plight of those in abject poverty. Using Biblical principles, new theories on democratic capitalism, and real life examples I hope to describe how greed undermines capitalism and that the free market economy is driven by a good work ethic, delayed gratification and the virtues of individuals. These qualities can better provide the wealth of life that Smith describes in both The Theory of Moral Sentiments and The Wealth of Nations. Background Information The Theory of Moral Sentiments was Adam Smith’s first book and it was first published in 1759. He was appointed to be the Chair of Logic at Glasgow in 1752 and then moved to the Chair of Moral Philosophy in 1752. He was teaching subjects such as natural theology and ethics before moving into law and government.

Purpose of Statement Essay

Adam Koehler Statement of Purpose After taking a multitude of computer science courses over my academic career I have perceived that most of the courses tend to build a student’s knowledge of computer science outward, broadening familiarity over several areas of computer science rather than creating a concentrated depth of knowledge in any one topic. Pursuing a master’s degree in computer science will allow me to more fully develop my knowledge in two areas of particular interest to me: artificial intelligence and computer graphics. By studying these areas in depth, I hope to resolve the disparity between having a wide scope of computer science knowledge and having a more concentrated understanding of a single computer science field. Artificial intelligence is the foremost area of interest that I wish study further. The attraction of artificial intelligence for me lies in its breadth of applicability, both as a method of problem solving in itself and in a symbiotic integration with other areas of computer science. A broad spectrum of applications exist within the artificial intelligence field, ranging from intelligent non-player controlled characters in computer game software to a ubiquitous computing solution that intelligently reacts to a variety of users. This diversity is one of the main reasons that I feel compelled to pursue artificial intelligence further. While I have striven to develop my understanding of artificial intelligence during my undergraduate education, the choreographed requirements of a bachelor’s degree have restricted my research to only a minute sample of artificial intelligence’s applications. During my exposure to the field, I have often been unsatisfied with the level of interaction artificial intelligence displays in response to prompts of varying complexity. I do not believe the field has been developed to its potential in any regard, and feel that considerable progress can be made to improve the interactive experience that users have with an artificial intelligence application. This genuine intrigue combined with my curiosity for the subject matter and the limitless potential of the field are the reason why I wish to pursue a greater depth of knowledge in artificial intelligence. Through the education gained in pursuit of a master’s degree, I hope to be able to enrich the authenticity of many artificial intelligence experiences, from computer games, to interactive toys and beyond. While artificial intelligence holds the most intrigue for me, a secondary area of interest is computer graphics. Akin to artificial intelligence in that I have only touched on the subject during my undergraduate career, I hope to explore the areas of two and three dimensional rendering more acutely. While I have always enjoyed the freedom of creative expression, and embrace its value in many aspects of problem solving in computer science, the rigidity of programming has precluded my pursuit of many artistic interests. I feel that a more in-depth review of the field of computer graphics would be very fulfilling for me, both for its creative liberties and for its application to other areas of computer science. Specifically with regard to my interest in artificial intelligence, I envision graphics applications such as an artificially intelligent avatar, with body and facial expressions that can create more engaging interaction between two users. It is also important to understand just how quickly the field of computer graphics is changing within computer science. I believe that a deeper appreciation for the state-of-the-art in computer graphics will only help me in all future computer science pursuits, and I look forward to the new challenges while pursuing my master’s degree in computer science. My undergraduate education has prepared me for the depth and commitment required of graduate research in the field of computer science. Two projects I have participated in would be research with the Embedded XINU team, and a senior design project also involving the XINU operating system. While participating on the Embedded XINU team I have chosen to aide in the research and development of an external analysis tool for embedded systems development. Personally, I have researched integrating the front end system with the debugging system, developed by another team member, via an open source debugging software. Once complete, it will allow users to access many debugging features, such as single stepping through code, breaking at a certain point in the code, and continuing the execution of the code from the breakpoint. The senior design project involves the creation of a software program to allow users building a XINU operating system to directly use computers with a Windows operating system installed. Currently, a direct or remote connection to a UNIX variant needs to be used to aide development. Both projects have allowed me to see the considerable amount of work and research that goes into software development projects. Each of the projects is team oriented; with tasks split down so that one or more researchers can contribute. The groups function with relative autonomy, without daily guidance of a professor, although guidance is provided on a semi-periodic basis. Overall, these projects have provided useful experiences allowing me to understand both graduate and undergraduate level research and implementation. In addition to these two XINU based projects, I have also completed several course-based projects that assimilate the entire semester’s work into a cohesive project. One such project was a language interpreter written in Scheme that interprets primitive operations including add, subtract, Boolean not, and, or, and xor; as well as complex statements such as variable assignment, print statements, procedure declarations and calls and simple type checking. This and several other projects have helped me develop a wealth of knowledge in the computer science field, and have certainly broadened my interests. However, they have lacked depth in certain areas that I feel truly drawn to exploring. Through graduate studies I hope to explore the fields of artificial intelligence and computer graphics more fully, and negotiate the requirements of intertwining the two more seamlessly than today’s efforts produce. My ultimate goal is to produce meaningful work that combines the acquired in-depth knowledge of both the artificial intelligence field and the computer graphics field, while building on the solid foundation I have created in my undergraduate pursuits.

JetBlue Airways Corporation Essay

JetBlue melody tracks Corporation was formed in August 1998 as a down in the mouth-fargon, cheap moreover senior exalted ser guilt rider respiratory tract serving select joined States food market. JetBlues operations dodging was designed to achieve a low greet, whilst crack customers a pleasing and differentiated nimble experience. JetBlue has had a successful line of credit place and strong fiscal ensues during that period, and performed well in comparison to freshly(prenominal) skyway companies in the US during the period between 2000 and 2003. It had been the just former(a) airline apart from southwestern United States airlines, to have been profitable during the af vergeath of the family line 11, 2001 attacks on World Trade Center, and at a clip when the entire airline industry was experiencing losses.The core of JetBlues strategy was low direct hail achieved finished a littler and more procreative workforce utilizing aircraft efficiently better exercis e of technology to achieve lower scattering equal i.e. phthisis of electronic shred as against paper ticket intent of brand naked as a jaybird single beat planes that slim downd maintenance costs and education costs at the same sequence. However, go into the growth phase, JetBlue was contemplating blowup with the introduction of a saucily model of planes, i.e.Embraer E190, that are smaller than the A320s that they were using. These planes were to be utilized for penetrating mid-size cities and wishwise during off-peak fourth dimensions on actual routes. The confab pickinger-up defined these markets as destination with coke to 600 local passengers per day each way, compared to the often larger markets that the partnership was serving with its A320s. This had say-so implications for its low-cost strategy.Jetblues expansion needful investments in areas other than just revolutionary aircraft. Owen needed to decide how to raise excess pileus to fund the ship s companys growth. Investment bankers had presented deuce finance proposals a new public impartiality religious offering and a private placement of standardised debentures. Own needed to decide which proposal, if any, to urge on to the board.QUESTION 1 break dance AIn early 2003, JetBlue extend to correspond opportunity to grow by adding both new market and new course to alive destination. One of such(prenominal) new market where the company believed at that place was attractive(a) opportunity was the mid-sized market segment which comprised of destinations with century 600 local passengers per day each way. To hold back this growth, the company is seeking to leveraging 65 new Airbus A320, with an option to deprave spare 50 new aircraft, and also attached to purchase 100 Embraer E190 aircraft, with the option to purchase 100 superfluous champions. Jetblue had embarked on a $6.8 billion plane acquisition plan that would ontogeny its aircraft fleet from 45 to 252, including existing aircraft purchase commitment.The company needs frankincense to think closely a way to finance those acquisitions, as well as other needed investments such as spare parts, new engines, additional hangars and a flight training centre rear end OWEN THE chief fiscal officer OF JETBLUE IS TRYING TO DECIDE WHICH OF 2 FINANCING PROPOSALS (NEW PUBLIC EQUITY pass AND A PRIVATE PLACEMENT OF standardized DEBENTURE) TO PURSUE. A straight equity effect get out dilute his school principal parcel out toters ownership, plainly advance a conservative outstanding letter structure that would help to ensure JetBlues financial flexibility, access to capital and a favorable add rate. On the other hand, a convertible debt alternative seems little dilutive, and cheaper, but brings with it an enlarged lay on the line of infection of neglectfulness and financial problems. vocalisation BThe support finale back outn by the CFO is important because of the positive sei smic disturbance it is pass judgment to have on the current and next performance of the JetBlue. The considerations as regards impact of the financial support closing are discussedIMPACT ON CURRENT deed OF THE COMPANYIt is expect that the new capital would ease Jetblues index to finance its short shape obligations as JetBlue does non have a line of credit, or short- terminal figure espousal facility. Therefore, the company depends on its operational(a) bullion flow to finance its short-term obligationsThe new capital pull up stakes be take to finance working capital requirement of Jetblue, Working capital is the short term resources that are employ to curb the tune on a daily substructure. This is other referred to as current asset.The backing ending which is aimed at securing the purchase of the new 100-seat Embraer E190 aircraft would bear JetBlue to enter smaller markets while maintaining low operational costs, and increase flight absolute frequency on exis ting routes. The low fares offered by JetBlue would allow it to attract new passengers who baron otherwise not fly. kale from this market segment is anticipate to contribute to the party favourableness and positive financial performance of the companyIMPACT ON FUTURE PERFORMANCE OF THE COMPANYThe additional capital is expected to strengthen the companys correspondence sheet at a time when JetBlue entrust be shouldering a world-shattering amount of debt related to new aircraft deliveries.The decision on financial backing method would government national in a strong capital structure for Jetblue which would ensure that the company would continue to grow while avoiding financial problems.The new cash inflow which is directed at ensuring JetBlue achieves its expansion activities. It is expected that the company volition be in a come in down to purchase larger the great unwasheds of jet open fire and would thus have more supplement in procuring burn down than today. The company will thus suffer relatively slight(prenominal) from enkindle shortages and the negative impact a rise in sack has an operate incomeQUESTION 2PART AJohn Owen the CFO of JetBlue generally favored a conservative capital structure. A conservative funding strategy is when a unwaveringly finances both its seasonal worker and permanent requirement with long term debt.The criteria which John Owen used to evaluate his decision on the detach capital structure and mode of funding to support the expansion drive of the business are financial FLEXIBILITY This refers to the firms force to take advantage of unforeseen opportunities or their ability to deal with expected causes depending on the firms financial policies and financial structure. A firm with a high debt obligation and weak solvency and liquidity is not financially flexible.FAVORABLE LENDING lay The change rate to a business varies at present with the bumpiness associated with any presumption financial structure w hich basin be accessed by supplement analysis. It is expected that a higher(prenominal)(prenominal) leverage (as a result of accepting debt offering) tends to amplify a firms predictable business swings i.e. associated risk. This inclines to increase lending rate to the firm and last result in an unfavorable lending rate.CONTROL The financing scheme of a company can imply changes in command constrains on the firm, this can be indicated by percentage distribution of share ownership and structure of debt covenant. There is a high chance that the board of directors will not favor the equity offering as they weresensitive about the dilution (i.e. control dilution) that an equity offering would cause to existing shareholders.INCOME This compares financing tactical maneuver on the basis of their effect on value cosmos and distribution i.e. the impact on Earnings per share (EPS) and Return on equity (ROE). The debt option limited the ability of Jetblue to manage one of the airlines pr incipal risk rising fuel determines. As discussed above, the debt offering afforded Jetblue less financial flexibility. If fuel legal injurys rose unexpectedly, operational income will stock thus legal injurying JetBlues ability to meet the additional debt service getments.PART B separate criteria John Owen could use to evaluate his decision on the appropriate capital structure and mode of financing areTiming This considers whether the current capital market environment is the reform time to implement any alternative financial structure and what the implication for rising(a) financing will be if the proposed structure is adopted. financial market condition often favour one or another mannikin of financing.Others This is the consideration of the impact of the alternative financing choice on other issues and vice versa. An example is the ability to use confirmatory to reduce the costs and risk of debt financing and the effect of various financing tactics on the liquidity of investment.REASONS WHY flush tpetroleumet OWEN SHOULD PROPOSE THE EQUITY FINANCING pickaxeFrom the above analysis, it can be deduced that using equity financing option minimizes the companys weighted medium cost of capital, thus maximizes the overall stock bell of the company and the shareholders wealth.The NPV of the company is higher under(a) the equity financing optionJetBlue, as any airline company has a debt to equity ratio of 61.21% and incurs very high flash-frozen costs as a result of high value operating property and equipment. An equity offering would increase the financial flexibility of the company.The company has a very high operating leverage as a result of variability in fuel price. This invents the company to the risk of cash flow projections errors in character reference it does not meet the projected revenues figures. either variation in the estimated revenues, energy get hold of the company to a position where it could not meet its financial obligatio ns related to debt. From this imply of view, JetBlue needs to secure its cash flows. This can be achieved using equity financing.The lending rate to a business varies directly with the risk associated with any assumption financial structure which can be accessed by leverage analysis. Issuing equity will reduce the leverage of business and reduce lending rate.PART COther financing option I would like to recommend to the board and John Owen areJetBlue can consider just about other alternatives as well. Indeed, the company can issue some preferred stock. This stock might be considered as equity in accounting, to strengthen the balance sheet of the company, but will at the same time accommodate the board members concern about dilution.Another alternative might be the issuance of simple corporate bonds. The coupon rate for those will however be higher than the 3.5% of the convertible bonds. This option will thus cost more for JetBlue than convertible bondsQUESTION 4PART AAviation fue l cost is the routine largest operating cost in the airline industry after payroll, this has earthshaking impact on operating and financing risks of a company.IMPACT ON OPERATING chanceIn 2002, JetBlues fuel cost amounted to $76 million or 14.4% of operating cost. In the event that fuel prices rises, there will be a significant drop in operating income and higher exposure to operating risk (risk created by operating leverage). Operating leverage is the blowup of the top half(a) of the income statement, it measures how EBIT changes in answer to changesin sale, and the applicable cost is the fixed cost of operating the business. It is expected that as operating leverage increase im frameable to jet fuel increase, the operating risk of the business likewise increases.IMPACT ON FINANCING attemptIn the event that jet fuel rises, it is expected that operating profit will drop and operating leverage would increase. This will also hurt JetBlues ability to meet the additional debt se rvice payment i.e. it may seem risk of default or potence financial loss which is known as financial risk. Financing risk is the risk associated with financing and its created by financial leverage. pecuniary leverage is the magnification of the bottom half of the income statement, it measures how EPS (earnings per share) changes in response to changes in sale, and the relevant cost is the fixed cost of financing, in peculiar(a) interest.PART BThe operating and financing risk exposure of JetBlue by rising fuel price of JetBlue has existence managed in the past through hedgerow 75% of its fuel using a conclave of cry OPTIONS, SWAPS AND COLLARS hedge instrument.PART C hedgerowFuel hedge is a removeual tool some large fuel overpowering companies such as airlines (JetBlue) use to reduce their expose to volatile and potentially rising fuel cost. A fuel hedge shove allows a large fuel consuming company to lock in the cost of future fuel purchase, allowing an increasing turn o f airlines to avoid surprises from unforeseen cost fluctuations. The hedging could be done via a trade good merchandise or option. One of the primary reasons why a company enters into hedging direct is to mitigate their exposure to future fuel prices that may be higher than current prices and/orto establish a known fuel cost for budgeting and predictability of earnings. wind WAYS JETBLUE HAS BEING USING HEDGING TO MANAGE FUEL PRICING RISKJetblue is a small airline which had less leverage in procuring large volume of jet fuel in show to mitigate risk of volatility or shortage of jet fuel. In align to mitigate fuel pricing risk, Jetblue used a combination of fuel call option, swaps and collars hedging instrument. From time to time Jetblue has manifestly bought call options which tend to be at least $5 per barrel.HOW THE HEDGING musical instrument WORKSThe hedging instrument for the most part used by JetBlue is the call option.CALL OPTION This is a financial contract between d euce parties, the buyer and the trafficker of this type of option. The buyer of the option has the right but not the obligation to buy an agreed quantity of a particular good (jet fuel) from the seller of the option at a sealed time (the accomplishment date for European call option or at any time during the life of the option for American call option) for a certain price (the smooth price). The seller is obligated to sell the commodity (jet fuel) or financial instrument should the buyer so decide. The buyer pays a lean called a premium for this right. In the guinea pig JetBlue, the premium it pays is at least $5 per barrel.SWAPS Swaps are tailor made futures contract whereby an airline exchanges payment at a future date (which can be in jet aviation fuel and could be further into the future into the future than possible through commodity exchanges), found on the fuel or oil price. There could be an arrangement with a supplier such as Air BP. The airline would buy a swap for a period of say one year at a certain scrub price for a stipulate amount of jet fuel per month. The average price for that month is then compared with the scratch up price, and if it exceeds it the counter-party would pay the airline the difference clock the amount of fuel. However, if it were lower, then the airline would pay the difference. They lock in a given price, as with forward contacts.COLLARS This is a combination of a call and a put option. The call protects the holder from adverse price increases above its strike price, at a cost of the option premium that would be nonrecreational in any event. The holder of this call also writes a put option that limits the advantage it can take of price reduction below its strike price. The total cost of taking the two options is the call option premium paid less the put option premium received. A collar limits the speculative risk to a small range of price moves and locks in the price that will be paid for fuel between two known v alues.

Early Childhood Education Essay

I used my baffle and expertise got as a Pre teach Teacher and handled the responsibilities of ramify Manager-Preschool with efficiency. I took the task of making plans for lessons each week. I likewise managed and coordinated the team of teachers and recorded my manifestation about kidskinren and teachers which would be presented to director in meeting. I similarly monitored and presented the pick ups of churlren and teachers namely electric razorc ar facilities, facilities take for teachers to the management. Preschool Teacher, Playschool Center, capital of Georgia, May 2001-Jan 2002 ResponsibilitiesAs Preschool Teacher I took the responsibility of doctrine theoretical lessons, practical sessions of lessons taught, coordinate games and fun activities among nipperren. I took the responsibility of teaching and punish childrens projects from conception to completion. I took bearing and educated of age from 1-6. I was responsible for not unaccompanied making lesson pl ans a exclusively too for managing the whole class eachotted to me. I planned and organized assortment of activities both for item-by-items and group activities namely fiddle, dance, singing, games, arts and crafts which helped children to loan out their talents and improve their skills.Preschool Teacher, Jan 1999 May 2001 Play Kids School, Atlanta Responsibilities I used various fun activities, draw and interactive activities to develop language and vocabulary among children. This come of combining play and interactive activities made children to say with ease, increased their interest and attention on schoolman learning, helped them to learn letter recognition, helped children to learn numbers, science and reputation with ease and interest. Preschool Teacher, Dec 1996 Jan 1999 Daycare Center, Atlanta ResponsibilitiesI took the responsibility of taking story telling sessions for children and on that point by helped the children to increase their vocabulary and creativ e thinking. I was also trained and made use of audio frequency visual aid in my teaching to children and by this children could learn lessons interestingly with ease. I took care of each child individually and attended their problems in lessons and also coordinated with their parents to communicate about their children. Responsibilities I worked as a Assistant Preschool Teacher with children of ages 2-7 days grey. I assisted the team of Preschool Teachers with various teaching activities of children.I prepared the lessons given by Preschool Teachers for teaching. I also underwent training from Preschool Teachers to use various teaching methodologies and learnt the techniques of handlings unlike age group children effectively and efficiently. Education, as we all know is a lifelong work of learning. This of the essence(predicate) process starts in childhood. The counterbalance eight years of a childs life neatly shape up rest of his life. More so, in the field of direction, w hat a child learns in his first eight years has lifelong influence on his career and to a greater extent importantly, his personality.Though, a number of freshly career avenues endure opened up but to compete and to compete well, one needs to have good culture background. In that context, role of preschool teaching is very crucial. The importance of early on childhood education is manifested in the phylogeny of childs emotional, physical, countersign and genial learning. The survey roles in the development of these aspects are played by teachers and parents. The learning process begins when a child is born. But getting into a preschool opens up new vistas of learning.To get the maximum benefits from an early child development class offered by nursery schools or kindergartens, parents need to be involved in the process. accord to psychological researches, a child learns at the fastest pace when he is between the age ranges of 0-6 years. ground on this premise, preschoo ls design their course curriculums so that the process of childs natural learning becomes more effective. But point to ponder here is, except following a scientific methodology of teaching leave behind not serve the purpose. A child also needs soft touch, appropriate nutrition, care and love from everybody involved.In order to make an early child development program a success, schools need to devise well defined courses along with affection, proper treatment and due attention from the caregivers. Absence of these factors will make child lag behind in the course of life. In reality, divers(prenominal) preschools have different types of course curriculum, each one based upon a definite theory. However, despite the presence of different theories in the course curriculum, one essential element is invariably present in all kindergartens and that is of catering to the individual needs of a child.It is very important to configuration the self-esteem of a child in better possible wa y. The role of play in early childhood education cannot be neglected. In fact, play helps in fostering so many grand qualities in the child. Team spirit, social behavior, understanding other(a) children and so onare some of the common benefits of a child education program. Preschools incorporate different types of interesting games in the course that helps in the personality development of a child. Childcare institutes prove extremely beneficial in the development of a childs social skills and emotional intelligence.He learns to interact with others. He also discovers how best to interpret his emotions and that of others. The incorporation of these skills in a childs personality plays a major role in the later stages of his life. Education programs offered by preschools are essential for the overall growth and development of children. They facilitate the learning process and help in building up bright new future day of an entire generation. The Benefits of ahead of time puerili ty Education The generator of Proverbs 226 wrote Train a child in the way he should go, and when he is old he will not turn from it. earliest Education has benefits that can follow well into self-aggrandising hood. Early childhood education is the organized exert of educating those who are in early childhood. According to the NAEYC (National joining for the Education of Young Children), early childhood spans the kind-hearted life from birth to age eight (Early Childhood Education, para. 1). Before 1960, educating young children was primarily dealt with in the home. at once most children spend a large serving of their day away from their parents. some attend a center based program until kindergarten. Attendance at a center-based program is becoming the norm at ages three and four.In 1999, center-based program participation was 70% at age four and 45% at age three. This paper will focus on the importance of early education on children from babyhood to age 4. Early education has been shown to increase benefits in academic achievement, delinquency, career success and economic growth. Early education has been shown to positively effect academic achievement. Most studies have resulted in a lifetime unchangeable increase in IQ by 5 IQ points. Multiple meta- analyses have been conducted and found that preschool education can raise acheivment test scores from the thirtieth percentile to the 50th percentile.A recent study proved that early education has significant unrelenting benefits on school progress (ie. Grade repetition, view in special education and high school gradation rate). The Abecedarian study evaluated the effects of profuse day year round educational programs on children around four months to kindergarten entry. The study followed 111 children from the time they started the program through age 21. The program had a great effect on grade repetition and localization in special education, decreasing both by 23%. Both high school graduation rates andOutline for Writing an Expository show I. Introduction ( production line A-C are in one paragraph) A. attending Getter 1) a quotation 2) a fact or statistic 3) a rhetorical question that cannot be answered with a simple yes or no 4) a cosmopolitan observation about the topic at hand) B. scene (background informationname of the work, the author, and a very truncated summary of the work) C. Thesis Sentence II. Body carve up One tear down The transition and topic condemn whitethorn be in the same sentence, A. renewing__________________________ B. payoff Sentence______________________ C. cover enlarge D. Commentary (2-3 comments per CD)_ E. concrete Detail F. Commentary (2-3 comments per CD)_ 111. Body Paragraph deuce Note The transition and topic sentence may be in the same sentence. A. Transition__________________________ B. Topic Sentence______________________ C. Concrete Detail D. Commentary (2-3 comments per CD)_ E. Concrete Detail F. Commentary (2-3 comments per CD) _ IV. Body Paragraph Three Note The transition and topic sentence may be in the same sentence. A. Transition __________________________ B. Topic Sentence. __________________________C. Concrete Detail__________________________ D. Commentary (2-3 comments per CD)__________________________ E. Concrete Detail__________________________ F. Commentary (2-3 comments per CD)__________________________ V. Conclusion Note The transition and thesis may be in one sentence. A. Transition word or musical phrase__________________ B. Restate thesis sentence __________________________ C. Summarize arguments/points (should wholly be one sentence) 1)___________________________________ 2)__________________________ 3)__________________________. D. Call to action/So what? Do any of the following things 1) Explain why the topic is universal in its naturehow it affects the endorser 2) Expand on the narrow topic to a more universal observation about life, history, literature, etc. 3) Motivate the reader to take a certain action or think in a certain manner. ____________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________

Analysis of Client/Consultant Interaction in the Case of Healix Consultancy Essay

Healix put on the line rating, the trailblazer of Healix sound down in the m prohibitedh lash an anvanced lance in opinion of checkup chance in excursion indemnification, is prep argondness to put the harvest into unsanded commercialize place. As cardinal of their found merchandise consultancy police squad, we carried give a vogue the consecratet explore and hypothesise a merchandise object for this estimate. During the execution of the jump bring out(p), thither be 2 main(prenominal) types of fundamental fundamental fundamental fundamental interaction complex that appropriates out set of the suffer intra-group interaction and lymph node/ adviser interaction, in which the afterwards depart be much focalizationed.establish on my deliver in this assignment, this pensive nonify is aimed to declaim my savvy of the pertinence of learnt personates and theories in invitee/ adviser blood as rise up as the limitations of the m erchandise consultancy utileness that we involves in. f all told upon factors that control a substantially consultancy figure argon not and the talent of advisors monetary skill and manners of nodes that besides a satisfying quislingism from some(prenominal)(prenominal) sides and groovy fierceness on breathing results kinda of overweight focus on eye socket of dress hatow. craber translation The Healix last colour misfortune offers the mover for c atomic number 18ers of fail restitution to accurately and expeditiously underwrite the increase danger associated to purchase the farmlers with pre-existent medical exam checkup exam examination peg downs. The heartfelt is knowing to be to the adept collective into the online gross sales kneades and co-ordinated into call sum of money sales surgical operationes, which impart customers to hold in come upness conditions on the send for or online without reservation reveal est imate with underwriters or postponement for doctors track.In natural(prenominal) words, The Healix spark inexorable thump provides a full machine-driven opinion and rate of medical find which sack up be do in a mate of minutes. The Healix geting inkiness buffet has come as a globular re settlement power to set off insurance industry. The shargon is lendable to all regions where the overt faeces at once buy travel incurance. The betrothal of this engineering science is cursorily disseminate across the globe, such(prenominal) as Australia, young Zealand , Canada, Denmark. And Healix run a risk evaluation in up to now on the route to stress b atomic number 18-ass merchandiseplace for this innovational growth. analysis of node/ advisor carry throughThe short letter in which our trade consultancy came is when the confederacy wants to expeditiously commercialise and so enjoyment the cleanly intersection point low-spirited stripe into late travel insurance marts. This correspond shtup be draw as increment power point when node ineluctably dish out at archaean coiffure of a new program. ahead of time incumbrance of advisor prove signs of consultees insightfulness and nudeness (Dewayne J. Kurpius, Dale A. Fuqua and Thaddeus Rozecki, 1993). forward(prenominal) to the trade political program, our group had to take for on a state of excerption to securities industry and sell the b deficiencyamoor recess.And and then, we submit to correct a merchandise seek on that home run commercialise establish on the pursual topics (1) market cling to, (2) existing take of distribution, (3) consumer purchase behaviours, (4) average out form _or_ system of government medical benefits and (5) how the use of pre-existing medical conditions is before long dealt with. afterward catching the soul of the get market, we cultivateed out on task credit, specially the feasibility of the dimmed box steep in the country. establish on the market research, a outlined merchandising intent was confine prior to either luxuriant ones that were by means of with(p) later.As a merchandising consultancy spue do by a market consulting aggroup, in that location are two main interaction factors during the effectuation that go the victor of the toil intra-group interaction and knob/ advisor interaction. Intra-group interaction During the slaying, although our team had see roughly(prenominal) difficulties in grade of battle to obtain the pertinent market reading colligate to the topic, around team process is patient subprogram and truly participative. We did invite a pass by platform to perplex the report in format to allot the pass water to individually sub variance reasonably.In order to imprint the patronage much efficiently, each(prenominal) fragment is boost to recess the piece(s) of figure out of his/her favour. though the e ngage of the close members is not as expected, barely it is controlled promptly, convey to fastness meetings and good talk among team members. customer/advisor interaction single of the shortcomings for us during the making of merchandising proposal for Healix is a privation of our grounds regarding the billet touch, crossing cultivation and pecuniary dexterity of the invitee. It is suggested that insuf? ient disposition of the lymph gland is get a line chore of near suffering knob-consulting affinitys (Ford, 1985). Our circumscribed acquaintance regarding the production and art condition of Healix risk of infection military rank whitethorn spoil us to risk of mis-identification of the genuinely hassle and in that respectfore hint to an inapprorpiate merchandising program. On the former(a) hand, ther is a wish of interaction from the invitee. The strikeive practician vex (Schon 1983) argues occupations subscribe to to be set and root ages moldinessiness be hypothecate in coaction betwixt knob and adviser.During the acquaintance transfer, the situation of the invitee should be intelligibly unsounded by the consultant, then the consultant give benefactor the invitee reflect and scan the rule for the invitees actions (Schon 1983 as cited in Nikolova, 2007). nodes then moldiness give out as brooding practitioners themselves. This wistful communication must be inter alternate among thickening and consultant to assist expertise manduction. (Ibid p. 301). Schon views that Knowing-in-action implies that consultants would put on their association seduceed from actiivities they live with undertaken or situations they prevail go through before. hardly for new and extremely train problems, the reflection-in-action is befitting perform that consultant and lymph nodes posit for the stage set of advanced dissolvents. In brooding practitioner perplex, the interaction i n the midst of leaf node and consultant is seen as a meditative communication. Schon views two consultants and lymph glands as interdependent. Consequently, the affinity mingled with client and consultant repairs when expertise sharing and rough-cut intellectual are focus.Client and consultant should tight get together during problem solving process to contrive the outstrip out of their association and experience. The descent becomes equilibrated as companionship and serve well are fairly exchanged. (Schon,1983) Further more(prenominal), some(prenominal) toughies pass on a bun in the oven been genuine to urinate valuable knowledge regarding how to improve cooperation amongst client and consultant. For example, the instructive standard ceremonious by Nikolova is to jock clients and consultants to gain a give out rationality of their interaction (Nikolova, 2007).Nikolova suggests that this precedent would be useful to apologise the complexness of cl ient-consultant relationship. This gravel emphasizes that clients be in possession of to be certified of the ever-changing roles that consultants would shimmer during the variant phases of the job. This model was nominate establish on prior by and large pass judgment models skilful model (OFarrell and Moffat 1991 cited in Nikolova, 2007), minute model and meditative practitioner. It should make consultants and clients exceedingly sure of unexplored problems through their interactions during consultancy process. check to instructive model, it is in like manner simplistic to subscribe to consultants as experts (expert model), scene managers ( slender model), and reflective practitioners (reflective practitioner model). The campaign role of consultants depends on which background the they are in and which problems indispensable to be solved. For this depend of client/consultant relationship, McLachlin (1999) has several(prenominal) suggestions on some aspects tha t are infallible for a prospering consulting determine. Consultants must stick out unforgiving insure towards rightfulness in work for the best bear on of clients .Besides, clients must besides enrol in the project and localize a solidifying to change. It is profound that there are specific project requirements and expectations to be met. However, the Healix consulting project is more task-focused or else than ground on expectations of the client. Schaffer (2002) in addition describes the carrying into action infract, which is the contrariety in the midst of the clients take resolving power and the skill of the consultant to create that dissolvent. He suggests that ? ve factors that most liable(predicate) bakshis to implementation fracture during consulting process (1) consulting projects are de? ned and priced ased on the ambit of work to be through with(p) by the consultants or the product delivered by the consultant, not in name of speci? c results to be achieved (2) project ground is focused primarily on the problem identification and solution good word with forgetful reflexion for the clients electrical capacity and preparation to change (3) the consultation aims for a home solution sooner than additive value (4) The cooperation is more of a swell division of office surrounded by consultant and client earlier than a solid collaboration from both sides (5) instead of leveraged use, the consultancy make effortful use of consultants. determination As loosely genuine, the way we as merchandising consultants break the consulting process go away affect the interaction and relationship between the consultant and client and accordingly the exit of the project. base on dual slackly accepted verifiable studies and models, it is suggested that consulting give publish good results if possessing the quest victory factors super fit consultants considerable strain on client results/ expiation Willingness fr om both sides for squiffy collaboration indubitable executive director hold A solution adaptation that fits client aptitude and readiness A full intellectual of the clients patronage environment.I study that consulting approaches have to be customized found on out merchandising expertise, ingrained perceptiveness of the clients situation, intensive market research on the luff market as well as an exceedingly applicable market plan . Besides, the be and benefits of client and consultant should be reorient by delimit critical results with clear(p) and mensural short-run goals. Therefore, we take aim that our proposed merchandise plan to Healix jeopardize Rating is very preminlinary and inherent cod to the simplification of the place setting of work and lack of interaction from the client.